Barloworld

Basis of preparation

1.

Accounting framework

The financial statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, the SAICA Financial Reporting Guides as issued by the Accounting Practices Committee, the Financial Pronouncements as issued by the Financial Reporting Standards Council and the Companies Act of South Africa. The historical cost convention is used except for certain financial instruments that are stated at fair value.

The basis of preparation is consistent with the prior year, except for new and revised standards and interpretations adopted per note 33 to the financial statements. Accounting policies, which are useful to users, especially where particular accounting policies are based on judgement regarding choices within IFRS have been disclosed. Accounting policies for which no choice is permitted in terms of IFRS have been included only if management concluded that the disclosure would assist users in understanding the financial statements as a whole, taking into account the materiality of the item being discussed. Accounting policies which are not applicable from time to time have been removed, but will be included if the type of transaction occurs in future.

The group has made the following accounting policy choices in terms of IFRS:

• Interest in associates and joint ventures are accounted using the equity method (policy note 6)
• The cost model is applied in accounting for property, plant and equipment, and leased assets (policy note 7).

2.

Underlying concepts

The financial statements are prepared on the going concern basis.

Assets and liabilities and income and expenses are not offset unless specifically permitted by an accounting standard.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount reported only when a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts exists and the intention is either to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

3.

Derecognition of assets and liabilities

Financial assets are derecognised when the contractual rights to receive cash flows have been transferred or have expired or when substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have passed.

All other assets are derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from their use.

Financial liabilities are derecognised when the relevant obligation has either been discharged, cancelled or has expired.

4.

Foreign currencies

The financial statements of entities within the group whose functional currencies are different to the group’s presentation currency, which is South African Rand, are translated as follows:

• Assets, including goodwill, and liabilities at exchange rates ruling on the financial position date
• Income items, expense items and cash flows at the average exchange rates for the period
• Equity items at the exchange rate ruling when they arose.

Resulting exchange differences are classified as a foreign currency translation reserve and recognised as other comprehensive income. On disposal of such a business unit, this reserve is recognised in profit or loss.

Consolidated financial statements

5.

Interest in subsidiaries

Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the company obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the company loses control over the subsidiary. Control is achieved where the company:

• Has power over the investee
• Is exposed or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee
• Has the ability to use its power to affect its returns.

The results of an investee acquired or disposed of during the period are included in the consolidated income statement from the date of obtaining control or up to the date of losing control.

Inter-company transactions and the resulting unrealised profits and balances between group entities are eliminated on consolidation.

On acquisition date, the non-controlling interest is measured at the proportion of the fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired. Non-controlling parties are considered to be equity participants and all transactions with non-controlling parties are recorded directly within equity.

6.

Interests in associates and joint ventures

Associates and joint ventures are measured using the equity method of accounting, applying the group’s accounting policies, from the acquisition date to the disposal date. The most recent audited annual financial statements of associates and joint ventures are used, which are all within three months of the year end of the group. Adjustments are made to the associate’s or joint venture’s financial results for material transactions and events in the intervening period. Losses of associates and joint ventures in excess of the group’s interest are not recognised unless there is a binding obligation to contribute to the losses.

Goodwill arising on the acquisition of associates and joint ventures is included in the carrying amount of the associate.

Where a group entity transacts with an associate or a jointly controlled entity of the group, unrealised profits and losses are eliminated to the extent of the group’s interest in the relevant associate or jointly controlled entity.

Financial statement items

Statement of financial position

7.

Property, plant and equipment

Items of property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Cost includes the estimated cost of dismantling and removing the assets.

Owner-occupied properties and investment properties in the course of construction are carried at cost, less any impairment loss where the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated to be lower than its carrying value. Depreciation is charged so as to write off the depreciable amount of the assets, other than land, over their estimated useful lives to estimated residual values, using a method that reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the entity.

Where significant parts of an item have different useful lives to the item itself, these parts are depreciated over their individual estimated useful lives.

The methods of depreciation, useful lives and residual values are reviewed annually.

The following methods and rates were used during the year to depreciate property, plant and equipment to estimated residual value:

Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over their expected useful lives or the term of the relevant lease, where shorter.

The gain or loss arising on the disposal or scrapping of property, plant and equipment is recognised in profit or loss.

Vehicle rental fleets are accounted for as part of property, plant and equipment but due to the short-term nature of the assets, the net book value is reflected under current assets on the statement of financial position.

8.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are initially recognised at cost if acquired separately or at fair value if acquired as part of a business combination. Intangible assets having a finite useful life are amortised over their useful lives.

Supplier relationships are measured initially at fair value as part of a business combination. Supplier relationships are separately identifiable intangible assets from distribution agreements with suppliers specifying sales objectives, territory presence and service levels to be provided. Supplier relationships have indefinite useful lives.

Customer relationships are measured initially at fair value as part of a business combination.

Research costs are recognised in profit or loss when incurred.

Development costs are capitalised only when and if it results in an asset that can be identified, it is probable that the asset will generate future economic benefits and the development cost can be reliably measured. Otherwise it is recognised in profit or loss.

9.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from assets that are not capable of being individually identified and separately recognised in a business combination and is determined as the excess of the cost of acquisition over the group’s interest in the net fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of the subsidiary, associate or joint venture recognised at the date of acquisition.

Goodwill is recognised as an asset, is stated at cost less impairment losses and is not amortised.

If, on a business combination, the fair value of the group’s interest in the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities exceeds the cost of acquisition, this excess is recognised in profit or loss immediately. On disposal of a subsidiary, associate, jointly controlled entity or business unit to which goodwill was allocated on acquisition, the amount attributable to such goodwill is included in the determination of the profit or loss on disposal.

10.

Deferred taxation assets and liabilities

Deferred taxation is recognised using the financial position liability method for all temporary differences, unless specifically exempt, at the tax rates that have been enacted or substantially enacted at the financial position date.

A deferred taxation asset represents the amount of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax losses and the carry forward of unused tax credits. Deferred taxation assets are only recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilised.

A deferred taxation liability represents the amount of income taxes payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences. Deferred taxation liabilities are recognised for taxable temporary differences, unless specifically exempt.

Deferred taxation assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from goodwill or from the initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects immediately neither taxable income nor accounting profit.

Deferred taxation arising on investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures is recognised except where the group is able to control the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred taxation assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current taxation assets against current taxation liabilities and it is the intention to settle these on a net basis.

11.

Non-current assets held for sale

Non-current assets (or disposal groups) are classified as held for sale if the carrying amount will be recovered principally through sale rather than through continuing use. This condition is regarded as met only when the sale is highly probable, the assets (or disposal groups) are available for immediate sale in its present condition and management is committed to the sale which should be expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of the classification.

Immediately prior to being classified as held for sale, the carrying amount of assets and liabilities is measured in accordance with the applicable standard. After classification as held for sale, it is measured at the lower of the carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. An impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss for any initial and subsequent write-down of the asset and disposal group to fair value less costs to sell. A gain for any subsequent increase in fair value less costs to sell is recognised in profit or loss to the extent that it is not in excess of the cumulative impairment loss previously recognised.

Non-current assets or disposal groups that are classified as held for sale are not depreciated.

Rental assets that become available for sale after being removed from rental fleets are transferred to inventories (policy note 12) at their carrying amount. Sale proceeds from such rental assets are recognised as revenue in accordance with policy note 17.

12.

Inventories

Inventories are assets held for sale in the ordinary course of business, in the process of production for such sale or in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated cost of completion, distribution and selling.

The specific identification basis is used to arrive at the cost of items that are not interchangeable.Otherwise the first-in first-out method or weighted average method for certain classes of inventory is used to arrive at the cost of items that are interchangeable.

13.

Financial assets and financial liabilities (financial instruments)

Financial instruments are initially measured at fair value plus transaction costs. However, transaction costs in respect of financial instruments classified as at fair value through profit or loss are expensed.

Investments classified as held-to-maturity financial assets are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method less any impairment losses recognised to reflect irrecoverable amounts.

Financial instruments are classified as financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss where the financial instrument is either held for trading (including derivative instruments) or is designated as at fair value through profit or loss and are carried at fair value with any gains or losses being recognised in profit or loss. Fair value, for this purpose, is market value if listed or a value arrived at by using appropriate valuation models if unlisted.

Trade and other receivables are classified as loans and receivables and are measured at amortised cost less provision for doubtful debts, which is determined as set out under impairment of assets set out in policy note 23. Items with extended terms are initially recorded at the present value of future cash flows and interest received is accounted for over the term until payment is received. Write-downs of these assets are expensed in profit or loss.

Cash and cash equivalents are measured at fair value.

Derivatives are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value being included in profit or loss other than derivatives designated as cash flow hedges. The fair value of derivatives is classified as non-current if the remaining maturity of the instruments are more than, and it is not expected to be realised within, 12 months.

Non-derivative financial liabilities that are not designated on initial recognition as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (including interest-bearing loans and bank overdrafts) are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method. Items with extended terms are initially recorded at the present value of future cash flows. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the settlement or redemption of borrowings is recognised over the term of the borrowings in accordance with the accounting policy for borrowing costs (policy note 20).

14.

Post-employment benefit obligations

Payments to defined contribution plans are recognised as an expense as they fall due. Payments made to industry-managed retirement benefit schemes are dealt with as defined contribution plans where the group’s obligations under the schemes are equivalent to those arising in a defined contribution retirement benefit plan.

The cost of providing defined benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method. Valuations are conducted every three years and interim adjustments to those valuations are made annually.

Actuarial gains and losses are recognised immediately in the statement of other comprehensive income.

Gains or losses on the curtailment or settlement of a defined benefit plan are recognised in profit or loss when the group is demonstrably committed to the curtailment or settlement.

Past service costs are recognised in profit and loss immediately to the extent that the benefits are already vested. Otherwise they are amortised on a straight-line basis over the average period until the amended benefits become vested.

The amount recognised in the statement of financial position represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for the unrecognised past service costs and reduced by the fair value of plan assets. Any asset is limited to the unrecognised actuarial losses, plus the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the plan.

15.

Shareholders for equity dividends

Dividends to equity holders are only recognised as a liability when declared and are included as a movement in reserves.

16.

Provisions

Provisions are recognised when the group has a present legal or constructive obligation, as a result of past events, for which it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made for the amount of the obligation.

Provisions are measured at the expenditure required to settle the present obligation. Where the effect of discounting is material, provisions are measured at their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessment of the time value of money and the risks for which future cash flow estimates have not been adjusted.

Onerous contracts
Present obligations arising under onerous contracts are recognised and measured as a provision. The provision is measured at the lower of cost of fulfilment and penalties arising from failure to fulfil.

Restructuring
A restructuring provision is recognised when the group has developed a detailed formal plan for the restructuring and has raised a valid expectation in those affected that it will carry out the restructuring by starting to implement the plan or announcing its main features to those affected by it. The measurement of a restructuring provision includes only the direct expenditures arising from the restructuring, which are those amounts that are both necessarily entailed by the restructuring and not associated with the ongoing activities of the entity.

Warranties
Provisions for warranty costs are recognised at the date of sale of the relevant products, at the estimated expenditure required to settle the group’s obligation.

Income statement

17.

Revenue

Included in revenue are net invoiced sales to customers for goods and services, rentals from leasing fixed and movable property, commission, hire purchase and finance lease income.

Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration of the amount received or receivable. Cash and settlement discounts, rebates, VAT and other indirect taxes are excluded from revenue. Where extended terms are granted, interest received is accounted for over the term until payment is received.

Revenue from the rendering of services is measured using the stage of completion method based on the services performed to date as a percentage of the total services to be performed.

Revenue from the rendering of services is recognised when the amount of the revenue, the related costs and the stage of completion can be measured reliably.

Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred, when delivery has been made and title has passed, when the amount of the revenue and the related costs can be reliably measured and the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold.

Rental income is accounted for in accordance with policy note 24 below.

Where the group acts as agent and is remunerated on a commission basis, only the commission is included in revenue. Where the group acts as principal, the total value of business handled is included in revenue.

18.

Employee benefit costs

The cost of providing employee benefits is accounted for in the period in which the benefits are earned by employees.

The cost of short-term employee benefits is recognised in the period in which the service is rendered and is not discounted.

The expected cost of profit-sharing and bonus payments is recognised as an expense when there is a legal or constructive obligation to make such payments as a result of past performance and a reliable estimate of the obligation can be made.

19.

Income from investments

Interest income is accrued on a time basis by reference to the principal outstanding and at the interest rate applicable.

20.

Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs (net of investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets) directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

21.

Taxation

The charge for current taxation is based on the results for the year as adjusted for income that is exempt and expenses that are not deductible using tax rates that are applicable to the taxable income.

Deferred taxation is recognised in profit or loss except when it relates to items credited or charged to other comprehensive income, in which case it is also recognised in other comprehensive income.

Transactions and events

22.

Hedge accounting

If a fair value hedge meets the conditions for hedge accounting, any gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk is included in the carrying amount of the hedged item and recognised in profit or loss.

If a cash flow hedge meets the conditions for hedge accounting the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge is recognised in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognised in profit or loss. A hedge of the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment is designated and accounted for as a cash flow hedge.

If an effective hedge of a forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a financial asset or financial liability, the associated gains or losses recognised in other comprehensive income are transferred to income in the same period in which the asset or liability affects profit or loss.

If a hedge of a forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or non-financial liability, the associated gains or losses recognised in other comprehensive income are included in the initial measurement of the acquisition cost or other carrying amount of the asset or liability.

If a hedge of a net investment in a foreign entity meets the conditions for hedge accounting, the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge is recognised directly in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognised in profit or loss. On disposal of a foreign entity, the gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income is transferred to profit or loss.

Hedge accounting is discontinued on a prospective basis when the hedge no longer meets the hedge accounting criteria (including when it becomes ineffective), when the hedge instrument is sold, terminated or exercised, when for cash flow hedges, the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur or when the hedge designation is revoked. Any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument for a forecast transaction is retained in other comprehensive income until the transaction occurs, unless the transaction is no longer expected to occur, in which case it is transferred to profit or loss for the period.

23.

Impairment of assets

At each reporting date, the carrying amount of the tangible and intangible assets are assessed to determine whether there is any indication that those assets may have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss.

The impairment loss is first allocated to reduce the carrying amount of goodwill and then to the other assets of the cash-generating unit. Subsequent to the recognition of an impairment loss, the depreciation or amortisation charge for the asset is adjusted to allocate its remaining carrying value, less any residual value, over its remaining useful life.

Impairment losses on held-to-maturity financial assets, available-for-sale assets as well as trade and other receivables are determined based on specific and objective evidence that assets are impaired and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount of assets and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition.

Impairment losses are recognised in profit or loss. If an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount but limited to the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives or not yet available for use, goodwill and the cash-generating units to which these assets have been allocated are tested for impairment even if there is no indication of impairment. Impairment losses recognised on goodwill are not subsequently reversed.

24.

Leasing

Classification
Leases are classified as finance leases or operating leases at the inception of the lease. Leases where the group has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases.

In the capacity of a lessor
Amounts due from a lessee under a finance lease are recognised as receivables at the amount of the net investment in the lease, which includes initial direct costs. Where assets are leased by a manufacturer or dealer, the initial direct costs are expensed. Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment outstanding in respect of the leases.

Rental income from operating leases is recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease or another basis if more representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying value of the leased asset and recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

In the capacity of a lessee
Finance leases are recognised as assets and liabilities at the lower of the fair value of the asset and the present value of the minimum lease payments at the date of acquisition. Finance costs represent the difference between the total leasing commitments and the fair value of the assets acquired. Finance costs are charged to profit or loss over the term of the lease and at interest rates applicable to the lease on the remaining balance of the obligations.

Rentals payable under operating leases are charged to income on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease or another basis if more representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit. Benefits received and receivable as an incentive to enter into an operating lease are also spread on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

25.

Share-based payments

Equity-settled share options
Executive directors and senior executives have been granted equity-settled share options in terms of the Barloworld Share Option Scheme. After the date on which the options are exercisable and before the expiry date, the options can be exercised to purchase shares for cash in which event the shares issued are accounted for in share capital and share premium at the amount of the exercise price.

Forfeitable Share Plan
Executive directors and senior executives have been granted equity-settled shares in terms of the Barloworld Forfeitable Share Plan (FSP). Equity- settled share-based payments are measured at fair value (excluding the effect of non-market-based vesting conditions) at the date of grant and recognised in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the estimated number of shares that will eventually vest and adjusted for the effect of non-market-based vesting conditions. Fair value is measured using a binomial pricing model.

Cash-settled share appreciation rights
Cash-settled share appreciation rights granted to employees for services rendered or to be rendered are raised as a liability and recognised in profit or loss immediately or, if vesting requirements are applicable, over the vesting period. The liability is measured annually until settled and any changes in value are recognised in profit or loss. Fair value is measured using a binomial pricing model.

Equity-settled share appreciation rights
Equity-settled share appreciation rights have been granted to employees in terms of the Barloworld Share Appreciation Rights scheme (SARs). Equity-settled share-based payments are measured at fair value (excluding the effect of non-market-basedvesting conditions) at the date of grant and recognised in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the estimated number of shares that will eventually vest and adjusted for the effect of non-market-based vesting conditions. Fair value is measured using a binomial pricing model.

Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE)
In a B-BBEE transaction, the share-based payment is measured as the difference between the fair value of the equity instruments granted and the fair value of the cash and other assets received (ie the B-BBEE equity credentials) and are recognised in profit or loss at the grant date unless there are service conditions in which case it is recognised over the relevant period of the service conditions.

26.

Treasury shares

Treasury shares are equity instruments of the company, held by the company or other members of the consolidated group.

All costs relating to the acquisition of treasury shares as well as gains or losses on disposal or cancellation of treasury shares are recognised directly in equity.

27.

Insurance contracts

An insurance contract is a contract under which one party (the insurer) accepts significant insurance risk from another party (the policyholder) by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event (the insured event) adversely affects the policyholder. Certain transactions are entered into by the group as insurer and which falls within this definition.

Maintenance contracts
Revenue on maintenance contracts is recognised on the percentage of completion method based on the anticipated cost of repairs over the life cycle of the equipment.

28.

Financial guarantee contracts

The group regards financial guarantee contracts as insurance contracts and uses accounting applicable to insurance contracts. Details regarding financial guarantees issued are disclosed under contingent liabilities.

29.

Judgements and estimates made by management

Preparing financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Certain accounting policies have been identified as involving particularly complex or subjective judgements or assessments, as follows:

Recognition and derecognition of assets
The company has concluded certain buy-back and rental agreements with vehicle suppliers in South Africa in the Avis Rent-a-Car and logistics transport businesses. Management assessed that the significant risks and rewards remained with the suppliers. Accordingly the vehicles were not recognised as assets together with the accompanying debt obligations and the transactions were recorded as operating leases. The company has concluded equipment sale and leaseback facilities in South Africa. Assets are derecognised in instances where risk and reward of ownership is assessed as having passed to the purchaser.

Interests in subsidiaries
The trust established to hold the shares awarded in the black economic empowerment transaction to the education entity are considered to be controlled by the company. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities and the results of these trusts have been consolidated from the date of the transaction.

Asset lives and residual values
Property, plant and equipment with the exception of equipment rental assets is depreciated over its useful life taking into account residual values, where appropriate. Equipment rental assets are depreciated based on their usage taking into account residual values, where appropriate.

The actual lives and usage of the assets and residual values are assessed annually and may vary depending on a number of factors. In reassessing asset lives and usage, factors such as technological innovation, product life cycles and maintenance programmes are taken into account. Residual value assessments consider issues such as future market conditions, the remaining life of the asset and projected disposal values.

Deferred taxation assets
Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable income will be available in future against which they can be utilised. Five-year business plans are prepared annually and approved by the boards of the company and its major operating subsidiaries. These plans include estimates and assumptions regarding economic growth, interest rates, inflation and competitive forces.

The plans contain profit forecasts and cash flows and these are utilised in the assessment of the recoverability of deferred tax assets.

Management also exercises judgement in assessing the likelihood that business plans will be achieved and that the deferred tax assets are recoverable.

In certain circumstances further corroborative evidence is used, such as tax planning opportunities within the control of management, to support the recovery of the tax asset.

Post-employment benefit obligations
Post-retirement defined benefits are provided for certain existing and former employees. Actuarial valuations are based on assumptions which include employee turnover, mortality rates, the discount rate, the expected long-term rate of return of retirement plan assets, healthcare inflation cost and rates of increase in compensation costs.

Judgement is exercised by management, assisted by advisers, in adjusting mortality rates to take account of actual mortality rates within the schemes.

Warranty claims
Warranties are provided on certain equipment, spare parts and service supplied to customers. Management exercises judgement in establishing provisions required on the basis of claims notified and past experience.

Revenue recognition
The percentage of completion method is utilised to recognise revenue on long-term contracts. Management exercises judgement in calculating the deferred revenue reserve which is based on the anticipated cost of repairs over the life cycle of the equipment, or motor vehicles, applied to the total expected revenue arising from maintenance and repair contracts.

In addition, management exercises judgement in assessing whether significant risks and rewards have been transferred to the customer to permit revenue to be recognised.

In cases where there is a buy-back, management considers whether the buy-back is set at a level which makes the buy-back substantive. If so, management uses the guidance from IAS 18 with regard to the transfer of risks and rewards for the purposes of revenue recognition. If the buy-back is not considered to be substantive, then it is ignored for the purposes of revenue recognition. If revenue is recognised on a transaction which includes a buy-back, then provision is made on the basis set out in repurchase commitments below as and when such provision is required.

Impairment of assets
Factors taken into consideration in determining if an asset is impaired include the economic viability of the asset itself and where it is a component of a larger economic unit, the viability of that unit itself.

Future cash flows expected to be generated by the assets or cash-generating units are projected, taking into account market conditions and the expected useful lives of the assets. The present value of these cash flows, determined using an appropriate discount rate, is compared to the current net asset value and, if lower, the assets are impaired to the present value.

Cash flows which are utilised in these assessments are extracted from formal five-year business plans which are updated annually. The company utilises a discounted cash flow valuation model to determine asset and cash-generating unit values supplemented, where appropriate, by other valuation techniques.

Receivables are reviewed for impairment on an individual basis and factors considered include the nature and credit quality of counterparties as well as disputes regarding price, delivery, quality and authorisation of work done.

Provision for obsolete inventory
Equipment inventory consists of machines, parts and work-in-progress.

Machine inventory is reviewed by country and by machine model taking into account the ageing, market demand and condition of the machine to determine the net realisable value.

Parts inventory is categorised as follows:

• Strategic parts with longer lead times or parts required to support new machine models
• Non-strategic parts that are generally faster moving parts
• Perishable parts with a limited shelf life
• Remanufactured components
• Returnable and non-returnable.

Obsolete, slow-moving and damaged inventories are identified for each parts category. Returnable slow-moving parts are reduced to the net realisable value recoverable from the supplier.

Remanufactured components are held to exchange components requiring repair to reduce the machine downtime. Remanufactured components normally have a shorter lifespan compared to new components and are valued at the percentage life expectancy of a new component applied to the cost of a new component.

Work-in-progress
Aged jobs in work-in-progress are impaired where recoverability is considered low.

Operating segments
The executive committee has determined the operating segments based on the management reports and report on the operating segments as follows:

• The Equipment segment provides customers with innovative solutions that include Caterpillar earthmoving equipment, engines and other complementary brands.
• The Handling segment provides customers with innovative solutions for material handling needs that include lift trucks, warehouse handling equipment and distribution of agricultural equipment.
• The Automotive segment provides customers with integrated motor vehicle usage solutions through the operation of car rental, motor retail and fleet service business units.
• The Logistics segment provides customers with traditional logistics services and supply chain management solutions.
• The Corporate segment comprises all the other group activities including the operations of the corporate office in Johannesburg and treasury in the United Kingdom.

Management evaluates the segment performance based on the operating results plus any other items that are directly attributable to segments including fair value adjustments on financial instruments. Interest costs are excluded due to the centralised nature of the group’s treasury operations.

Repurchase commitments
Buy-back (repurchase) arrangements with customers are periodically concluded. The likelihood of the repurchase commitments being exercised and quantification of the possible loss, if any, on resale of the equipment is assessed at the inception of the contract and at each reporting period. Significant assumptions are made in estimating residual values. These are assessed based on past experience and take into account expected future market conditions and projected disposal values.

Functional currencies
The functional currency of each entity within the group is determined based on a combination of factors including the economic environment in which the entity operates in, the currency that influences the majority of the input costs and sales, as well as the relative stability of the local currency. Transactions in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency are recognised at the rates of exchange ruling on the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in such currencies are translated at the rates ruling at the financial position date.

Gains and losses arising on exchange differences are recognised in profit or loss.