32. SHARE INCENTIVE SCHEMES AND SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS
32.1

Financial effect of share-based payment transactions

    2018 
Rm 
  2017 
Rm 
 
Income statement effect                
Compensation expense arising from equity and cash-settled forfeitable share plan     68     58    
Compensation expense arising from equity and cash-settled share appreciation  rights incentive plan         (16)   
Share-based payment expense included in operating profit     75     42    
Taxation benefit on forfeitable share plan and share appreciation rights     (21)    (12)   
Net share-based payment expense after taxation     54     30    
Financial position effect                
Liability raised for cash-settled shares (to be incurred within one to five years)    (30)    (13)   
Deferred taxation asset raised on share-based payment transactions        25    
Net (reduction)/increase in shareholders’ interest as a result of share-based payment transactions     (24)     12    
32.2

Forfeitable share plan

On 28 January 2010 the group introduced the Barloworld Forfeitable Share Plan (FSP).

The scheme allows executive directors and certain senior employees to earn a long-term incentive to assist with the retention and reward of selected employees.

Shares are granted to employees for no consideration. These shares participate in dividends and shareholder rights from grant date.

The vesting of the shares is subject to continued employment for a period of three years or the employee will forfeit the shares.

Prior to the 2016 awards, shares issued to the executive directors were subject to performance conditions. From 30 March 2016 shares issued to the executive directors and certain senior employees are subject to performance conditions which will be measured over the three-year vesting period.

The performance conditions over the vesting period include a market condition based on total shareholder return and non-market conditions based on return on net operating assets and headline earnings per share.

On resignation, the employee will forfeit any unvested shares. On death or retirement only a portion of the shares will vest, calculated based on the number of days worked over the total vesting period, subject to any performance condition being met.

The scheme is settled in shares and therefore the scheme is equity-settled. In jurisdictions where the delivery of shares is impractical, cash will be paid to employees in lieu of shares. These shares are cash-settled share-based payments.

Fair value estimates

Equity-settled

In terms of IFRS 2, the transaction is measured at fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. The fair value takes into account that the employees are entitled to the dividends from grant date. The fair value of the equity-settled shares subject to non-market conditions is the closing share price at grant date. The estimated fair value of the equity-settled shares subject to market conditions were calculated at grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model with the following inputs:

Date of grant   29 March
2017
  30 March
2016
 
Non-market conditions          
Number of shares granted   653 703   1 127 837  
Share price at grant date (R)   120.00   77.80  
Estimated fair value per share at grant date (R)   120.00   77.80  
Market conditions          
Number of shares granted   69 862   110 403  
Share price at grant date (R)   120.00   77.80  
Expected volatility (%)   30.0   28.7  
Expected dividend yield (%)   3.0   3.5  
Risk free rate (%)   7.6   8.2  
Estimated fair value per share at grant date (R)   100.46   41.98  

Cash-settled

In terms of IFRS 2, liabilities relating to cash-settled share-based payments are adjusted to fair value at financial position date. The estimated fair value of the cash-settled shares was calculated by using the closing share price at the reporting date, risk-free rate at reporting date and discounting future expected dividends.

Date of grant   30 January
2018
  29 March
2017
30 March
2016
 
Number of cash-settled shares granted   608 280   97 800 169 150  
Share price at grant date (R)   171.30   120.00 77.80  
Risk-free rate (%)   7.7   7.4 7.2  
Estimated fair value per cash-settled share at grant date (R)   168.65   116.82 74.93  
Estimated fair value per cash-settled share at year end (R)   122.36   127.64 131.85  
32.3

Share appreciation rights scheme

During 2007 the group introduced the Barloworld Cash Settled Share Appreciation Right Scheme.

The scheme allows executive directors and certain senior employees to earn a long-term incentive amount calculated based on the increase in the Barloworld Limited share price between the grant date and the vesting and exercise of such rights. During 2011, the scheme rules were amended to change all future awards to be equity-settled in shares.

The objective of the scheme is to recognise the contributions of senior staff to the group’s financial position and performance and to retain key employees.

The vesting of the rights are subject to specific performance conditions, based on group headline earnings per share. Rights are granted for a period of six years and vest one-third after three years from grant date, a further one-third after four years and the final third after five years.

The grant price of these appreciation rights equals the volume weighted average market price of the underlying shares on the three trading days immediately preceding grant date.

On resignation, share appreciation rights which have not yet vested and those vested but not exercised, are forfeited. On death or retirement the Barloworld remuneration committee may permit a portion of unvested rights to be exercised within one year (or such extended period as the committee may decide) of the date of cessation of employment.

It is group policy that employees should not deal in Barloworld Limited shares (and this is extended to the forfeitable share plan, share appreciation rights and share option schemes) for the periods from 1 April for half year end and 1 October for year end until 24 hours after publication of the results and at any other time during which they have access to price-sensitive information.

Cash-settled and equity-settled share appreciation rights: Fair value estimates

In terms of IFRS 2, the transaction is measured at fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date.

In terms of IFRS 2, liabilities relating to cash-settled share-based payments are adjusted to fair value at financial position date.

The estimated fair value of the share appreciation rights was calculated using a binomial pricing model, with inputs as set out below.

  Cash-
settled
  Equity-settled  
Date of grant 30 January
2018
  29 March
2017
30 March
2016
30 March
2015
18 March
2014
19 March
2013
 
Number of share appreciation rights granted 347 540   150 300 330 240 3 026 700 2 264 560 2 562 990  
Grant price (R) 177.71   121.53 72.77 90.77 106.82 90.73  
Share price at grant date (R) 171.30   120.00 77.80 90.50 107.32 90.50  
Expected volatility (%) 39.4   30.0 28.7 28.7 35.1 36.2  
Expected dividend yield (%) 3.3   2.9 4.4 3.5 2.7 3.3  
Risk-free rate (%) 8.6   7.9 8.6 7.4 8.1 6.3  
Exercise multiple (share price at exercise date/option exercise price) 1.8   1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9  
Estimated fair value per share appreciation right at grant date (R)  50.41   38.89 24.06 26.59 39.71 30.04  
Estimated fair value per cash-settled share at year end (R) 30.33              
32.4

Total forfeitable shares and appreciation rights unexercised

The following forfeitable shares and share appreciation rights granted are unexercised:

              Number of options/rights      
Date of grant   Date
from which
exercisable
Expiry date Contractual 
life 
remaining 
(years)
Original
exercise
price
(R)
  Barloworld
directors
Barloworld  
employees#
  Total     unexercised**  
28 Feb 2011   27 Feb 2014 27 Feb 2017 (1.6) 70.83            
30 Mar 2012   29 Mar 2015 29 Mar 2018 (0.5) 96.48            
19 Mar 2013   18 Mar 2016 18 Mar 2019 0.5  90.73   42 014 596 254     638 268      
18 Mar 2014   17 Mar 2017 17 Mar 2020 1.5  106.82            
30 Mar 2015   29 Mar 2018 29 Mar 2021 2.5  90.77            
30 Mar 2016   29 Mar 2019 29 Mar 2022 3.5  72.77   120 380 209 860     330 240      
29 Mar 2017   29 Mar 2020 29 Mar 2023 4.5  121.53   85 920 64 380     150 300      
Total equity-settled share appreciation rights granted and unexercised   248 314 870 494     1 118 808      
30 Jan 2018   30 Jan 2021 30 Jan 2024 5.3      137 540 210 000     347 540      
Total cash-settled share appreciation rights granted and unexercised   137 540 210 000     347 540      
18 Mar 2014   17 Mar 2017 17 Mar 2017 (1.5)              
30 Mar 2015   30 Mar 2018 30 Mar 2018 (0.5)              
30 Mar 2016   30 Mar 2019 30 Mar 2019 0.5      85 000 810 459     895 459      
29 Mar 2017   29 Mar 2020 29 Mar 2020 1.5     59 440 581 462     640 902      
Total equity-settled forfeitable shares granted and unexercised   144 440 1 391 921     1 536 361      
18 Mar 2014   17 Mar 2017 17 Mar 2017 (1.5)              
30 Mar 2015   30 Mar 2018 30 Mar 2018 (0.5)              
30 Mar 2016   30 Mar 2019 30 Mar 2019 0.5        87 946     87 946      
29 Mar 2017   29 Mar 2020 29 Mar 2020 1.5        67 560     67 560      
30 Jan 2018   30 Jan 2021 30 Jan 2021 2.3      21 910 586 370     608 280      
Total cash-settled forfeitable shares granted and unexercised   21 910 741 876     763 786      
Total unexercised             552 204 3 214 291     3 766 495      

The weighted average share price at the date of exercising share appreciation rights during the period was R132.74 (2017: R116.09).

** Scheme rules dictate that the number of unexercised options may not exceed 10% of the total number of issued shares of the company at any time.
# The unexercised share options granted to retired directors and employees are included in this column.

Share options and appreciation rights movement for the year   Number of 
forfeitable 
shares 
  Number of 
appreciation 
rights 
Weighted   
average   
exercise   
price   
(R)*
 
2018            
Unexercised at beginning of year   2 136 661    4 922 514  87.44     
Rights granted in terms of cash-settled share appreciation rights scheme       347 540  177.71     
Forfeitable shares granted   608 280         
Forfeitable shares forfeited   (174 882)        
Forfeitable shares vested   (269 912)        
Appreciation rights forfeited       (2 613 590) 90.83     
Appreciation rights exercised       (1 190 116) 93.34     
Forfeitable shares, options and appreciation rights unexercised at year end   2 300 147    1 466 348  73.24     
Appreciation rights exercisable at year end       (638 268) 90.73     
Held by:            
Directors, employees and ex-employees of Barloworld   2 300 147    1 466 348  73.24     
2017            
Unexercised at beginning of year   1 899 164    9 869 557  92.40     
Rights granted in terms of equity-settled share appreciation rights scheme       150 300  121.53     
Forfeitable shares granted   821 365         
Forfeitable shares forfeited   (383 122)        
Forfeitable shares vested   (200 746)        
Appreciation rights forfeited       (2 247 950) 104.85     
Appreciation rights exercised       (2 849 393) 86.28     
Forfeitable shares, options and appreciation rights unexercised at year end   2 136 661    4 922 514  87.44     
Appreciation rights exercisable at year end       1 154 411  93.55     
Held by:            
Directors, employees and ex-employees of Barloworld   2 136 661   4 922 514  87.44     

* Weighted average exercise price for appreciation rights.