2015 Rm			2014 Rm	2013 Rm
8.	Deferred taxation
	Movement of deferred taxation
	Balance at beginning of year
	– Deferred taxation assets			695			654	537
	– Deferred taxation liabilities			(377)			(421)	(384)
	Net asset at beginning of year			318			232	153
	Recognised in income statement this year			(128)			(48)	8
	– Continuing operations			(98)			(49)	9
	– Rate change adjustment			(30)			1	(1)
	Recognised in income statement this year – discontinued operations						(5)	(1)
	Arising on acquisition and disposal of subsidiaries			(21)			(26)	(58)
	Translation differences			40			52	104
	Accounted for directly in other comprehensive income			1			113	22
	Other movements			1				4
	Net asset			212			318	233
	– Deferred taxation assets			783			695	654
	– Deferred taxation liabilities			(571)			(377)	(421)
	Analysis of deferred taxation by type of temporary difference
	Deferred taxation assets
	Capital allowances			(70)			(109)	(87)
	Provisions and payables			132			154	180
	Prepayments and other receivables			80			50	83
	Effect of tax losses			246			161	155
	Retirement benefit obligations			416			438	321
	Other temporary differences			(20)			1	3
				783			695	654
	Deferred taxation liabilities
	Capital allowances			(998)			(742)	(762)
	Provisions and payables			501			414	408
	Prepayments and other receivables			(134)			(61)	(70)
	Effect of tax losses			55			22	23
	Retirement benefit obligations							(16)
	Other temporary differences			5			(10)	(4)
				(571)			(377)	(421)

The Spanish tax grouping has incurred taxation losses which have given rise to a deferred taxation asset of R157 million (2014: R151 million; 2013: R182 million). The grouping does not have sufficient temporary differences which would give rise to a deferred tax liabilities but the tax grouping has recognised a deferred taxation asset based on actions already taken within the businesses which have reduced the cost bases to allow the tax grouping to operate profitably. The continuing businesses of the Spanish tax jurisdiction were profitable in 2015. In addition the grouping has identified tax planning opportunities which can materially utilise the taxation asset.